You have your payment form, such as: Sample form (nexwebhost.com),
where you can pre-populate the shipping or billing address information. These could be read only or hidden form fields. In the button parameters you would have:
data-billingAddressOptions='{"show":false, "required":false}'
which would prevent the address fields from being shown on the credit card iframe form.
Once the pay button is clicked, the form data, including the address information is then sent along with the token request to Authorize.net's request.api, which returns the payment nonce (token) and any additional data you sent(such as the address information) to your payment processing script:
dataValue: eyJjb2RlIjoiNTBfMl8wNjAwEB...
dataDescriptor: COMMON.ACCEPT.INAPP.PAYMENT
firstName: Thomas
lastName: Bayles
address: 12 Main Street
city: Pecan Springs
state: TX
zip: 4462
Then your payment processing script would post a createTransactionRequest with the token in place of the card data and the relevant address information.